Quirks of Human Anatomy by Lewis Held

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1853. Nath, R.K. and Paizi, M. (2007). Scapular deformity in obstetric plexus palsy: a new finding. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 29, 133-140.

1854. Naugler, W.E., Sakurai, T., Kim, S., Maeda, S., Kim, K.H., Elsharkawy, A.M., and Karin, M. (2007). Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production. Science 317, 121-124.

1855. Nawshad, A. (2008). Palatal seam disintegration: to die or not to die? That is no longer the question. Dev. Dynamics 237, 2643-2656.

1856. Nayak, S., Goree, J., and Schedl, T. (2005). fog-2 and the evolution of self-fertile hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis. PLoS Biol. 3 #1, 57-71 (e6).

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1862. Nelson, C. (2004). Selector genes and the genetic control of developmental modules. In "Modularity in Development and Evolution", (G. Schlosser and G.P. Wagner, eds.). Univ. Chicago Pr.: Chicago, Ill., 1863. Nelson, C.M., VanDuijn, M.M., Inman, J.L., Fletcher, D.A., and Bissell, M.J. (2006). Tissue geometry determines sites of mammary branching morphogenesis in organotypic cultures. Science 314, 298-300.

1864. Nemeschkal, H.L. (1999). Morphometric correlation patterns of adult birds (Fringillidae: Passeriformes and Columbiformes) mirror the expression of developmental control genes. Evolution 53, 899-918.

1865. Nern, A., Zhu, Y., and Zipursky, S.L. (2008). Local N-cadherin interactions mediate distinct steps in the targeting of lamina neurons. Neuron 58, 34-41.

1866. Netter, F.H. (2003). "Atlas of Human Anatomy." 3rd ed. Icon Learning Systems, Teterboro, N. J.

1867. Neubüser, A., Peters, H., Balling, R., and Martin, G.R. (1997). Antagonistic interactions between FGF and BMP signaling pathways: a mechanism for positioning the sites of tooth formation. Cell 90, 247-255.

1868. Neumann, C.J. and Nuesslein-Volhard, C. (2000). Patterning of the zebrafish retina by a wave of Sonic hedgehog activity. Science 289, 2137-2139.

1869. Neuweiler, G. (2000). "The Biology of Bats." Oxford Univ. Pr., New York.

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1874. Ng, C.S. and Kopp, A. (2008). Sex combs are important for male mating success in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav. Genet. 38, 195-201.

1875. Nicastro, D., Schwartz, C., Pierson, J., Gaudette, R., Porter, M.E., and McIntosh, J.R. (2006). The molecular architecture of axonemes revealed by cryoelectron tomography. Science 313, 944-948.

1876. Nicklen, P. (2007). Arctic ivory: hunting the narwhal. Nat. Geogr. 212 #2, 110-129.

1877. Nicolau, M.C., Akaârir, M., Gamundí, A., González, J., and Rial, R.V. (2000). Why we sleep: the evolutionary pathway to the mammalian sleep. Prog. Neurobiol. 62, 379-406.

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1884. Nilsson, D.-E. (2005). Photoreceptor evolution: Ancient siblings serve different tasks. Curr. Biol. 15, R94-R96.

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1886. Nisar, P.J. and Scholefield, J.H. (2003). Managing haemorrhoids. BMJ 327, 847-851.

1887. Nishimura, T., Mikami, A., Suzuki, J., and Matsuzawa, T. (2006). Descent of the hyoid in chimpanzees: evolution of face flattening and speech. J. Human Evol. 51, 244-254.

1888. Nissim, S. and Tabin, C. (2004). Development of the limbs. In "Inborn Errors of Development: The Molecular Basis of Clinical Disorders of Morphogenesis", Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics, No. 49, (C.J. Epstein, R.P. Erickson, and A. Wynshaw-Boris, eds.). Oxford Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 148-167.

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1891. Nixon, M. and Young, J.Z. (2003). "The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods." Oxford Univ. Pr., New York.

1892. Nojima, D., Linck, R.W., and Egelman, E.H. (1995). At least one of the protofilaments in flagellar microtubules is not composed of tubulin. Curr. Biol. 5, 158-167.

1893. Norberg, R.Å. (1977). Occurrence and independent evolution of bilateral ear asymmetry in owls and implications on owl taxonomy. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 280, 375-408.

1894. Norberg, U.M. (1985). Flying, gliding, and soaring. In "Functional Vertebrate Morphology", (M. Hildebrand, D.M. Bramble, K.F. Liem, and D.B. Wake, eds.). Harvard Univ. Pr.: Cambridge, Mass., pp. 129-158.

1895. Norden, J.J. and Constantine-Paton, M. (1994). Dynamics of retinotectal synaptogenesis in normal and 3-eyed frogs: evidence for the postsynaptic regulation of synapse number. J. Comp. Neurol. 348, 461-479.

1896. Nordström, K., Wallén, R., Seymour, J., and Nilsson, D. (2003). A simple visual system without neurons in jellyfish larvae. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 270, 2349-2354.

1897. Norman, M.D., Paul, D., Finn, J., and Tregenza, T. (2002). First encounter with a live male blanket octopus: the world's most sexually size-dimorphic large animal. New Zealand J. Marine Freshwater Res. 36, 733-736.

1898. Norris, D. (2005). Breaking the left-right axis: do nodal parcels pass a signal to the left? BioEssays 27, 991-994.

1899. Northcutt, R.G. (2002). Understanding vertebrate brain evolution. Integr. Comp. Biol. 42, 743-756.

1900. Northcutt, R.G. (2005). The New Head Hypothesis revisited. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 274-297.

1901. Northoff, G. and Panksepp, J. (2008). The trans-species concept of self and the subcortical-cortical midline system. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 259-264.

1902. Nowicki, J.L. and Burke, A.C. (2000). Hox genes and morphological identity: axial versus lateral patterning in the vertebrate mesoderm. Development 127, 4265-4275.

1903. Noyes, M.B., Christensen, R.G., Wakabayashi, A., Stormo, G.D., Brodsky, M.H., and Wolfe, S.A. (2008). Analysis of homeodomain specificities allows the family-wide prediction of preferred recognition sites. Cell 133, 1277-1289.

1904. O'Brien, S.J., Nash, W.G., Wildt, D.E., Bush, M.E., and Benveniste, R.E. (1985). A molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda's phylogeny. Nature 317, 140-144.

1905. O'Higgins, P. and Elton, S. (2007). Walking on trees. Science 316, 1292-1294.

1906. O'Kane, C.J. (2003). Modelling human diseases in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis. Sems. Cell Dev. Biol. 14, 3-10.

1907. O'Leary, D.D.M., Chou, S.-J., and Sahara, S. (2007). Area patterning of the mammalian cortex. Neuron 56, 252-269.

1908. O'Leary, D.D.M. and Sahara, S. (2008). Genetic regulation of arealization of the neocortex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 18, 90-100.

1909. Oard, D.W. (2008). Unlocking the potential of the spoken word. Science 321, 1787-1788.

1910. Odelberg, S.J. (2002). Inducing cellular dedifferentiation: a potential method for enhancing endogenous regeneration in mammals. Sems. Cell Dev. Biol. 13, 335-343.

1911. Oetting, W.S. (2000). The tyrosinase gene and oculocutaneous albinism Type 1 (OCA1): A model for understanding the molecular biology of melanin formation. Pigment Cell Res. 13, 320-325.

1912. Oetting, W.S., Fryer, J.P., Shriram, S., and King, R.A. (2003). Oculocutaneous albinism Type 1: the last 100 years. Pigment Cell Res. 16, 307-311.

1913. Oftedal, O.T. (2002). The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 7, 225-252.

1914. Oftedal, O.T. (2002). The origin of lactation as a water source for parchment-shelled eggs. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 7, 253-266.

1915. Oginuma, M., Niwa, Y., Chapman, D.L., and Saga, Y. (2008). Mesp2 and Tbx6 cooperatively create periodic patterns coupled with the clock machinery during mouse somitogenesis. Development 135, 2555-2562.

1916. Ogura, A., Ikeo, K., and Gojobori, T. (2005). Estimation of ancestral gene set of bilaterian animals and its implication to dynamic change of gene content in bilaterian evolution. Gene 345, 65-71.

1917. Ohazama, A. and Sharpe, P.T. (2004). Development of epidermal appendages: teeth and hair. In "Inborn Errors of Development: The Molecular Basis of Clinical Disorders of Morphogenesis", Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics, No. 49, (C.J. Epstein, R.P. Erickson, and A. Wynshaw-Boris, eds.). Oxford Univ. Pr.: New York, pp. 199-209.

1918. Ohlsson, R., Kanduri, C., Whitehead, J., Pfeifer, S., Lobanenkov, V., and Feinberg, A.P. (2003). Epigenetic variability and the evolution of human cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 88, 145-168.

1919. Ohno, S. (1972). Gene duplication, mutation load, and mammalian genetic regulatory systems. J. Med. Genet. 9, 254-263.

1920. Ohnuma, S.-i., Hopper, S., Wang, K.C., Philpott, A., and Harris, W.A. (2002). Co-ordinating retinal histogenesis: early cell-cycle exit enhances early cell fate determination in the Xenopus retina. Development 129, 2435-2446.

1921. Ohuchi, H., Nakagawa, T., Yamauchi, M., Ohata, Y., Yoshioka, H., Kuwana, T., Mima, T., Nohno, T., and Noji, S. (1995). An additional limb can be induced from the flank of the chick embryo by FGF4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 209, 809-816.

1922. Ohuchi, H., Takeuchi, J., Yoshioka, H., Ishimaru, Y., Ogura, K., Takahashi, N., Ogura, T., and Noji, S. (1998). Correlation of wing-leg identity in ectopic FGF-induced chimeric limbs with the differential expression of chick Tbx5 and Tbx4. Development 125, 51-60.

1923. Okada, Y., Nonaka, S., Tanaka, Y., Saijoh, Y., Hamada, H., and Hirokawa, N. (1999). Abnormal nodal flow precedes situs inversus in iv and inv mice. Molec. Cell 4, 459-468.

1924. Okada, Y., Takeda, S., Tanaka, Y., Izpisúa Belmonte, J.-C., and Hirokawa, N. (2005). Mechanism of nodal flow: a conserved symmetry breaking event in left-right axis determination. Cell 121, 633-644.

1925. Okano, T., Yoshizawa, T., and Fukada, Y. (1994). Pinopsin is a chicken pineal photoreceptive molecule. Nature 372, 94-97.

1926. Okanoya, K. (2007). Language evolution and an emergent property. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17, 271-276.

1927. Oldham, M.C., Horvath, S., and Geschwind, D.H. (2006). Conservation and evolution of gene coexpression networks in human and chimpanzee brains. PNAS 103 #47, 17973-17978.

1928. Olivera-Martinez, I., Coltey, M., Dhouailly, D., and Pourquié, O. (2000). Mediolateral somitic origin of ribs and dermis determined by quail-chick chimeras. Development 127, 4611-4617.

1929. Olivier, E., Davare, M., Andres, M., and Fadiga, L. (2007). Precision grasping in humans: from motor control to cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 17, 644-648.

1930. Olsen, S.R. and Wilson, R.I. (2008). Cracking neural circuits in a tiny brain: new approaches for understanding the neural circuitry of Drosophila. Trends Neurosci. 31, 512-520.

1931. Olshansky, S.J., Carnes, B.A., and Butler, R.N. (2001). If humans were built to last. Sci. Am. 284 #3, 50-55.

1932. Olshansky, S.J., Carnes, B.A., and Cassel, C. (1990). In search of Methuselah: estimating the upper limits to human longevity. Science 250, 634-640.

1933. Olson, E.N. (2006). Gene regulatory networks in the evolution and development of the heart. Science 313, 1922-1927.

1934. Olson, K.R. (1994). Circulatory anatomy in bimodally breathing fish. Amer. Zool. 34, 280-288.

1935. Olsson, A. and Ochsner, K.N. (2008). The role of social cognition in emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 65-71.

1936. Olsson, L., Ericsson, R., and Cerny, R. (2005). Vertebrate head development: segmentation, novelties, and homology. Theory Biosci. 124, 145-163.

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1938. Oostra, R.-J., Hennekam, R.C.M., de Rooij, L., and Moorman, A.F.M. (2005). Malformations of the axial skeleton in Museum Vrolik I: Homeotic transformations and numerical anomalies. Am. J. Med. Genet. 134A, 268-281.

1939. Opitz, J.M. (1996). Limb anomalies from evolutionary, developmental, and genetic perspectives. Birth Defects: Orig. Article Ser. 30 #1, 35-77.

1940. Oppenheim, R.W. (1991). Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 453-501.

1941. Oppenheimer, J.M. (1974). Asymmetry revisited. Amer. Zool. 14, 867-879.

1942. Orgogozo, V., Muro, N.M., and Stern, D.L. (2007). Variation in fiber number of a male-specific muscle between Drosophila species: a genetic and developmental analysis. Evol. Dev. 9, 368-377.

1943. Ortíz-Barrientos, D. and Noor, M.A.F. (2005). Evidence for a one-allele assortative mating locus. Science 310, 1467.

1944. Osborn, J.W. (1984). From reptile to mammal: evolutionary considerations of the dentition with emphasis on tooth attachment. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 52, 549-574.

1945. Osman, A., Muller, K.M., Syre, P., and Russ, B. (2005). Paradoxical lateralization of brain potentials during imagined foot movements. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 24, 727-731.

1946. Osorio, D. (1991). Patterns of function and evolution in the arthropod optic lobe. In "Evolution of the Eye and Visual System", (J.R. Cronly-Dillon and R.L. Gregory, eds.). CRC Pr.: Boston, Mass., pp. 203-228.

1947. Osorio, D. (2007). Spam and the evolution of the fly's eye. BioEssays 29, 111-115.

1948. Osorio, D. and Bacon, J.P. (1994). A good eye for arthropod evolution. BioEssays 16, 419-424.

1949. Oster, G. and Alberch, P. (1982). Evolution and bifurcation of developmental programs. Evolution 36, 444-459.

1950. Oster, G.F., Shubin, N., Murray, J.D., and Alberch, P. (1988). Evolution and morphogenetic rules: the shape of the vertebrate limb in ontogeny and phylogeny. Evolution 42, 862-884.

1951. Ostrander, E.A. (2007). Genetics and the shape of dogs. Am. Sci. 95, 406-413.

1952. Ota, K.G., Kuraku, S., and Kuratani, S. (2007). Hagfish embryology with reference to the evolution of the neural crest. Nature 446, 672-675.

1953. Ota, S., Zhou, Z.-Q., Keene, D.R., Knoepfler, P., and Hurlin, P.J. (2007). Activities of N-Myc in the developing limb link control of skeletal size with digit separation. Development 134, 1583-1592.

1954. Otiang'a-Owiti, G.E., Oduor-Okelo, D., Kamau, G.K., Makori, N., and Hendrickx, A.G. (1997). Morphology of a six-legged goat with duplication of the intestinal, lower urinary, and genital tracts. Anat. Rec. 247, 432-438.

1955. Otto, S.P., Servedio, M.R., and Nuismer, S.L. (2008). Frequency-dependent selection and the evolution of assortative mating. Genetics 179, 2091-2112.

1956. Ottolenghi, C., Uda, M., Crisponi, L., Omari, S., Cao, A., Forabosco, A., and Schlessinger, D. (2006). Determination and stability of sex. BioEssays 29, 15-25.

1957. Õunap, K., Uibo, O., Zordania, R., Kiho, L., Ilus, T., Õiglane-Shlik, E., and Bartsch, O. (2004). Three patients with 9p deletions including DMRT1 and DMRT2: a girl with XY complement, bilateral ovotestes, and extreme growth retardation, and two XX females with normal pubertal development. Am. J. Med. Genet. 130A, 415-423.

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1959. Oviedo, N.J. and Levin, M. (2007). Gap junctions provide new links in left-right patterning. Cell 129, 645-647.

1960. Özbudak, E.M. and Pourquié, O. (2008). The vertebrate segmentation clock: the tip of the iceberg. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 18, 317-323.

1961. Ozeki, H., Kurihara, Y., Tonami, K., Watatani, S., and Kurihara, H. (2004). Endothelin-1 regulates the dorsoventral branchial arch patterning in mice. Mechs. Dev. 121, 387-395.

Lewis I. Held, Jr. is Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at Texas Tech University.

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